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- China Daily - 22nd October 1997
-
- Five years ago, leading scientists in wildlife research worldwide held a
- conference in Washington to discuss ways to conserve giant pandas and red
- pandas.
-
- The idea of re-introducing pandas born and bred in zoos to the wild was
- brought up.
-
- But at the end of the conference, the scientists concluded that it was
- inappropriate to re-introduce pandas to the wild.
-
- Late last month, the same idea was put forward again for discussion at an
- international conference on conservation of giant pandas held in Wolong,
- Sichuan Province. The steady increase in the number of captive pandas in
- the country is causing strains on the facilities and creating problems for
- the healthy growth of giant pandas in captivity.
-
- The giant panda is a rare and distinct species native only to China. Now
- the habitat of the giant panda is limited to a small area where the borders
- of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces come together.
-
- Because of the pressure of human settlement and the deterioration of the
- natural environment, the wild panda population now estimated to be only
- about 1,000, divided into more than 20 small groups.
-
- Most of the groups have less than 50 pandas, and the smallest groups have
- only 3 to 5. The habitats are also divided into several isolated "islands"
- and hence the chance of exchanges between different panda groups has
- decreased.
-
- Scientists said that this will undoubtedly increase inbreeding in the wild
- population and will have ill effects on the future panda population.
-
- On the other hand, Chinese scientists have succeeded in breeding captive
- pandas.
-
- >From 1963 to April 1997, captive pandas have given birth to 179 cubs at 119
- farrows around the world.
-
- Most of them have been bred in China's 30-odd zoos and nature reserves. The
- first artificially inseminated panda cub was born in 1978; in 1980,
- scientists used artificial insemination technology and frozen sperm to
- reproduce a panda successfully.
-
- In 1990, Chinese scientists developed a method to ensure the survival of
- both cubs in the case of twin births, while in the natural condition the
- female panda always abandons one of hers twin cubs; in the same year, a set
- triplet cubs also survived.
-
- Of the pandas born in captivity, only 44 per cent survived more than half a
- year, 30 per cent more than 2.5 years, and 21 per cent more than 3 years.
- Such rates show that although scientists succeeded in reproducing captive
- pandas, the overall surviving rate of captive panda babies is low.
-
- Despite the low rate of survival, many reserves and reproduction bases have
- successfully bred more pandas, largely supported by special funds from the
- Ministry of Forests, Ministry of Construction and the National Natural
- Science Foundation Committee of China.
-
- In Wolong National Reserve in Sichuan Province, researchers of the China
- Research Centre of the Giant Panda Reservation reproduced their first panda
- cubs in 1986.
-
- >From 1991 to 1996, the centre successfully reproduced 16 cubs, 11 of which
- are still living, which means the survival rate has risen to 70 per cent,
- much higher than the average. This year, panda breeders are glad to see
- that three of those captive born panda cubs have reached maturity and are
- ready to breed.
-
- The reproduction of captive pandas is different from that of wild pandas.
-
- In their natural environment, a female panda normally gives birth to one
- cub and raises it for about two years and then breeds again, as Professor
- Pan Wenshi and his students from Beijing (Peking) University have shown
- through their years of research on the giant pandas living in the wild in
- the Qinling Mountains in southern Shaanxi Province. So wild female pandas
- are able to have a baby every two years.
-
- With pandas in captivity, scientists and researchers can take the cubs from
- their mothers and artificially raise them so as to let their mothers breed
- again earlier than in the wild. This could double the panda's captivity
- birth rate.
-
- "A female panda can bear cubs to about the age of 20 , and the male is
- sexually active until about the same age," said Liu Weixin, a panda
- breeding expert from Beijing Zoo.
-
- That means if a female panda begins its reproduction at three and a half or
- four, it has 16 to 17 years to give birth to panda cubs.
-
- But the potential of increasing the captive panda population is both
- exciting and worrying news to scientists -- It does indicate the
- effectiveness of their efforts, but on the other hand, the captive pandas
- are facing the pressure of increasing population.
-
- In Wolong Reserve, for example, the breeding centre of the reserve has 28
- pandas, though nine of them are lent out for reproduction in other places.
-
- "Five female pandas are ready to reproduce," said Zhang Hemin, a young
- researcher in the Wolong Reserve. "We estimate that the reproduction rate
- will increase in the coming years, base on our success so far."
-
- If three cubs are born each year, the breeding centre will have 15 new
- pandas in the next 5 years, which does not consider other young pandas
- starting to reproduce.
-
- "Wolong just expanded its breeding centre to improve the pandas' living
- conditions," Zhang said. "But we are now being faced with a space problem
- because of the increasing population.
-
- "We think it is not suitable to artificially breed such a big population of
- pandas."
-
- Acknowledging the achievements and problems, wildlife experts at the
- international conference late last month still see too many unsolved
- problems.
-
- The biggest problem is that they still have little knowledge about the wild
- panda and their living environments. So that they cannot judge if the
- captive panda would be able to adjust to a wild environment, which is quite
- different to the specially designed panda houses.
-
- A week of discussion failed to find enough evidence to indicate that the
- re-introduction of the panda to the wild would be successful.
-
- But Chinese scientists urged that the experimental research on the
- re-introduction should begin as soon as possible.
-
- At Wolong, researchers have already started some experiments to identify
- the requirements for the re-introduction of pandas to the wild. More and
- more captive pandas now are released daily to hills near their pens to get
- familiar with the semi-wild environment.
-
- The researchers there also suggested building more complex facilities to
- train the captive pandas to adjust to the wild environment.
-
- But on top of everything else, they still face a shortage of funds.
-
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ----
- Date: 10/22/97
- Author: Shao Ning
- Copyrightâ by China Daily
-
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